- Grades in medicine.

Grades in medicine 

In many branches of medicine we meet what is called "grades" this grades were put to classify certain conditions. Here I will put the grades what i had found as they meet me in books in simple way......... so you can share us.

• Grading of Murmurs (click here).
• Grading of Vesicoureteric Reflux (click here).
• Grades of Dyspnea (click here).
• Grades of respiratory distress. (click here).
• Grades of splenomegaly. (click here).
• Grading of hypertensive retinopathy (click here).
• Grades of binocular single vision. (click here).
• Grades for quantitative assessment of muscle power (click here).
• Deep tendon reflex grading (click here).
• Poisoning severity grading (click here).
• Grading of function in rheumataid disease(click here).
•  ASA Grading system (click here).
• Renal trauma grading scale (click here).
• Compound fracture grading- Gustilo-Anderson grading (click here).
• Sperm Motility grading.(click here).
• Wagner Grading System for Diabetic Foot Infections.(click here).
• Savary miller endoscopic grading of GORD.(click here).
• Sher's grading of abruptio placentae.(click here).

Dr Ibrahim

- Oculo-cerebro-renal Syndrome.

Oculo-cerebro-renal Syndrome

-Def:- It is a X-linked recessive disorder of eye,cerebral cortex and renal tubules .

-Synonyms (1):-

• Lowe's oculocerebrorenal disease/syndrome.
• Lowe's disease/syndrome.
• Oculocerebrorenal dystrophy.

- The condition became known as "Lowe syndrome" named after Dr. Charles Lowe, the senior member of the group that described it.

-Clinical picture:-

- Light Wood-Albright syndrome.

Light Wood-Albright syndrome
Lightwood syndrome
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) (Type-2)
(Proximal RTA)

-Pathophsiology:-

it is caused by failure of the proximal tubular cells to reabsorb filtered bicarbonate from the urine, leading to urinary bicarbonate wasting and subsequent metabolic acidosis.

-Clinical picture:-

- Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome.

"Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome"

"cystinosis"

-Def:- it is an autosomal recessive disorder involving deposits of cystine crystals in lysosomes of liver,spleen,bone marrow,cornea, and renal tubules due to abnormal metabolism of cystine .

-Incidence :- 1 : 100,000- 1 :200,000.

-It is the most common cause of Fanconi syndrome in the pediatric age group.

-Clinical picture:-

- Fanconi's syndrome.

"Fanconi's syndromes"

* There are many types of Fanconi's syndrome according to
etiology :-

-Primary type

-Hereditary:-

• Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome "cystinosis" (click here).
• Oculo-cerebro-renal Syndrome (Lowe's Syndrome) (click here).
• Galactosemia.
• Wilson disease.

-Drug induced:-

• Out dated tetracycline.
• Cyclosporin.
• Heavy metals (e.g lead poisoning).

*Fanconi's syndrome ( primary type)*

-Def:- it is an autosomal recessive disorder due to multiple defects in proximal renal tubules which decrease the urinary re-absorption of phosphate,bicarbonate,glucose, amino acids and may be Potassium ( they all are lost in urine).

-It is named after Guido Fanconi, a Swiss pediatrician.

-Clinical picture:-

- Grading of Vesicoureteric Reflux.

International Classification of Vesicoureteric  Reflux.

•  Grade I: – reflux into lower part of a  non-dilated ureter.
•  Grade II: – reflux into the renal pelvis and calyces without dilatation
•  Grade III: – reflux into a mildly dilated ureter, renal pelvis and calyces with minimal blunting of the fornices
•  Grade IV :– marked dilaed ureter.
•  Grade V:– massive reflux with gross dilatation of the ureter, pelvis and calyces; ureteral tortuosity; loss of papillary impressions.

- N.B:-

*In grades I,II ureter isn't dilated.

Return to list of medical grades (click here) 

- Medical syndromes.

Medical syndrome is defined as :-
A group of symptoms and signs that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, psychological disorder, or other abnormal condition.
There are a lot of medical syndromes and we try to list some of them:-
1-Down syndrome (click here).
2-Plummer-Vinson syndrome (click here).
3-Ramsay Hunt syndrome (click here).
4-Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome (click here).
5-Cri-du-chat syndrome (click here).
6-YY syndrome (click here).
7-Klinefelter's syndrome (click here).
8-Turner's syndrome (click here).
9- Fanconi syndrome (click here).
10-Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome (click here) .
11-Light Wood-Albright syndrome(Lightwood syndrome)(click here).
12-Oculo-cerebro-renal Syndrome (click here).
13-Metabolic syndrome (click here).
14-Pickwickian syndrome (click here).
15- Kallmann syndrome (click here).
16-Sertoli-cell-only syndrome (click here).
17-Lambert-Eaton syndrome (click here).
18-Guillain Barré syndrome (click here).
19-Horner's syndrome (click here).
20-Brown-Séquard syndrome. (click here).
21-Carpal tunnel syndrome. (click here).
22-Sjögren's syndrome (click here).
23-Felty's syndrome (click here).
24-Caplan's syndrome (click here).
25-Congenital Rubella Syndrome  (click here).
26-Caroli's syndrome.  (click here).
27-Malabsorption syndrome.  (click here).
28-Duhin-Johnson syndrome.  (click here).
29-Exploding head syndrome. (click here). 

If you have other syndromes plz tell us...
Dr Ibrahim,,