- Protozoa with blind end in man.

Protozoa with blind end in man
"ANTS"

Acanthamoeba castellanii(brain cyst).
Naegleria fowleri (brain cyst).
Toxoplasma gondii (cysts in male patient).
Sarcocystis lindemanni ( mascular sarcocystosis).

Dr Ibrahim

-Protozoa causing Dermatologic lesions.

Protozoa causing Dermatologic lesions.
"late"

• Leishmania donovani(Post Kala azar dermal leishmaniasis).
• Leishmania brasiliense(Ulcer).
• Leishmania donovani(oriental ulcer).
• Acanthamoeba castellanii (Skin granuloma)
• Trypanosoma cruzi(chagoma)
• Trypanosoma brucei gambiense,rhodesiense(Chancre).
• Entamoeba histolytica(Cutaneous ulcer in the right hypochondrium and perianal area.)

Dr Ibrahim

- Nematodes affecting skin and s.c tissue.

Nematodes affecting skin and subcutaenous tissue.

"Hook was old"

Hook worms(Ground itching).


Wuchereria Bancrofti,Wuchereria malayi(they cause Elephentiasis).
Ancylstoma caninum,Ancylstoma Brazilliense (they cause creeping eruption).
Strongyloides stercoralis (creeping eruption).




Onchocerca volvulus(Nodules and Elephentiasis).
Loa Loa (Calabar swelling).
Dracunculus medinensis(ulcer and cellulitis).

Dr Ibrahim

- Parasites affecting Heart.

Parasites affecting Heart

"Heart Team" 

Heterophyes heterophyes (Eggs)

Taenia solium (cysticercosis), 
Trichinella spiralis (Trichina capsule),
Trypanosoma cruzi (Leishmanial form),
Toxoplasma gondii (true tissue cyst).

Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid cyst).
Acanthocheilonema perstans (Adult worm in the pericardium).
Mansonella ozzardi (Adult worm in the pericardium).

or  Arabic students can use the word "Hatem"

Dr Ibrahim

- Parasites affecting Spleen.

Parasites affecting Spleen

"Spleen"

Schistosoma species.

PLasmodia species.

LEishmania donovani.

EchiNococcus granulosus .

Dr Ibrahim

- Nematodes transmitted through contaminated soil.

 Nematodes transmitted through contaminated soil
(Nematodal geoparasites)

(Alessandro Nesta the famous Italian footballer )

(source of pic here )

you will surprise what the relation between Alessandro Nesta and Nematodes.!? really i will need "Nesta" part to help us to remember nematodes transmitted through contaminated soil..

"Nesta" 

Necator americanus (filariform larvae).

Enterobius vermicularis (eggs).
Strongyloides  stercoralis (filariform larvae).
Toxocara canis and cati (eggs),Trichocephalus trichiurus.
Ascaris lumbricoides,Ancylostoma duodenale.
 

Dr Ibrahim

- Nematodes transmitted by eating raw vegetables.

Nematodes transmitted by eating raw vegetables

"Eat"

Enterobius vermicularis (eggs).

Ascaris lumbricoides (eggs).

Toxocara canis and cati(eggs) ,Trichocephalus trichiurus(eggs),Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Larvae).

Dr Ibrahim

- Parasites affecting oropharynx.

Parasites affecting oropharynx

"Melt"

Myiasis : larvae of calliphora and gasterophilus.

Entamoeba gingivalis.

leishmania brasiliense.

Trichomonas buccalis.

Dr Ibrahim

- Air Borne parasitic infections.

Air Borne parasitic infections

"Net Cam"

Naegleria fowleri (Trophozoites).

Enterobius vermicularis (eggs).

Taenia solium (eggs),Toxoplasma gondii (Oocyst).

Cryptosporidium parvum (Oocyst).

Acanthamoeba castellanii (Trophozoites),Ascaris lumbricoides (eggs).

Microsporidia (spores).

Dr Ibrahim

- Laboratory acquired nematodal infections.

Laboratory acquired nematodal infection.

"Sheat"

Strongyloides stercoralis.

Hook worm.

Enterobius vermicularis.
Ascaris lumbricoides.
Trichocephalus trichiurus,Trichinella spiralis.

Dr Ibrahim

- Parasites transmitted through trans-mammary route.

Parasites transmitted through trans-mammary route

(International Breastfeeding Symbol)

"SAT"

Strongyloides stercoralis larvae.

Ancylostoma duodenale larvae.

Toxocara canis and cati  larvae.

Dr Ibrahim 

- Eggs in Medical parasitology 2.

Colour of helminthic eggs :-

** yellowish brown eggs:-

eggs of


- Fasciola hepatica .

- Fasciolopsis buski .

- Fasciola gigantica .

- Heterophyes heterophyes.

- Hymenolepis diminuta.

- Metagonimus yokogawai.

- Diphyllobothrium latum .

- Diphyllobothrium mansoni .

- Dipylidium caninum .

- Trichuris trichiura .

- Capillaria philippinensis.

------------------

** Golden brown eggs:-

eggs of

- Paragonimus westermani.

- Ascaris lumbricoides.

------------------

** Dark brown eggs:-

eggs of - Toxocara species.

------------------

** Brown eggs :-

eggs of

- Taenia solium .

- Taenia saginata .

- Taenia multiceps .

- Echinococcus granulosus .

------------------

** Transparent eggs :-

eggs of

- Shistosoma mansoni.

- Shistosoma Japonicum.

- Shistosoma haematobium.

- Trichostrongylus colubriformis.

------------------

** Colouless eggs :-

egg of

- Hymenolepis nana.

- Strongyloides stercoralis.

- Hookworms.

- Enterobius vermicularis.

===========================

- Content Of the eggs :-

** Immature eggs (no embryo ) :-

eggs of

- Fasciola hepatica .

- Fasciolopsis buski .

- Fasciola gigantica .

- Diphyllobothrium latum .

- Diphyllobothrium mansoni .

- Trichuris trichiura .

- Capillaria philippinensis.

- Hookworms.

- Trichostrongylus colubriformis.

- Paragonimus westermani.

------------------

** Mature eggs (contain embryo ) :-

eggs of

- Heterophyes heterophyes.

- Shistosoma mansoni.

- Shistosoma Japonicum.

- Shistosoma haematobium.

- Taenia solium .

- Taenia saginata .

- Taenia multiceps .

- Echinococcus granulosus .

- Hymenolepis diminuta.

- Hymenolepis nana.

- Dipylidium caninum .

- Enterobius vermicularis.

- Strongyloides stercoralis.

===========================

- operculated eggs :-

eggs of

- Fasciola hepatica .

- Fasciolopsis buski .

- Fasciola gigantica .

- Heterophyes heterophyes ( operculated at

one pole & has a knob at the other pole ).

- Paragonimus westermani( flat operculum ) .

- Diphyllobothrium latum .

- Diphyllobothrium mansoni .

- Capillaria philippinensis.

===========================

- eggs of Shistosoma :-

- Shistosoma mansoni.

has lateral spine.

- Shistosoma Japonicum.

has lateral &short curved spine.

- Shistosoma haematobium.

has terminal spine.

- Eggs in Medical parasitology.

- when we asked about diagnosis of parasites

we may say that the diagnostic material is eggs

then we must say the characters of eggs

for example :-

Q laboratory diagnosis of fasciola gigantica ?

Answer:- examination of the stool for the characteristic

egg which has the following characters....?....

- when we talk about any egg of helminthes you must

comment on 6 items

4 s ...- size -shell - shape

- special characters

2c ....-content (contain embryo or not)

- colour
===========================
** Size & shape of helminthic eggs :-

-140 x 70 micro meter (oval in shape)

egg of

- Fasciola hepatica .

- Fasciolopsis buski .

- Shistosoma mansoni.
------------------
-180 x 90 micro meter (oval in shape)

egg of - Fasciola gigantica .
------------------

-30 x 15 micro meter (oval in shape)

egg of :

- Heterophyes heterophyes.

- Metagonimus yokogawai.
------------------
-100 x 50 micro meter (oval in shape)

egg of :

- Shistosoma Japonicum.

- Paragonimus westermani.
------------------
-120 x 60 micro meter (oval in shape)

egg of - Shistosoma haematobium.
------------------
- 70 x 45 micro meter (oval in shape)

egg of:

- Diphyllobothrium latum .

- Diphyllobothrium mansoni .

- Fertilized egg of Ascaris lumbricoides .
------------------
- 40 micro meter (rounded in shape)

egg of:

- Taenia solium .

- Taenia saginata .

- Taenia multiceps .

- Echinococcus granulosus .
------------------
- 30 x50 micro meter ( oval in shape)

egg of - Hymenolepis nana.
------------------
- 60 x40 micro meter ( oval with rounded poles)

egg of - Ancylostoma duodenale.
------------------
- 60 x80 micro meter ( oval in shape

egg of - Hymenolepis diminuta.
------------------
- 25 x40 micro meter ( spherical in shape)

egg of -Dipylidium caninum .
------------------
- 90 x45 micro meter ( oval in shape)

egg

- unFertilized egg of Ascaris lumbricoides .

- Trichostrongylus colubriformis.
------------------
- 85 x75 micro meter ( oval in shape)

egg of - Toxocara species.
------------------
- 50 x25 micro meter

egg of

- Enterobius vermicularis
( planoconvex (D shaped).)

- Trichuris trichiura (barrel shaped)
------------------
- 45 x20 micro meter ( oval in shape)

egg of - Capillaria philippinensis.
------------------
- 55 x30 micro meter ( oval in shape)

egg of - Strongyloides stercoralis.
===========================
** Shell of the eggs :-

- Eggs with thin shell:-

egg of

- Fasciola hepatica .

- Fasciolopsis buski .

- Fasciola gigantica .

- Shistosoma mansoni.

- Shistosoma Japonicum.

- Shistosoma haematobium.

- Hookworms.

- Strongyloides stercoralis.

- Trichostrongylus colubriformis.
------------------
- Eggs with thick shell:-

egg of

- Heterophyes heterophyes.

- Diphyllobothrium latum

- Diphyllobothrium mansoni

- Trichuris trichiura .

- Capillaria philippinensis.

- Paragonimus westermani.
-------------------

shell of

-Taenia solium .

- Taenia saginata .

- Taenia multiceps .

- Echinococcus granulosus

is composed of inner shell (thick radially striated

embryophore ) & outer shell (thin membranous)

------------------
- shell of Hymenolepis nana.

is composed of inner layer (embryophore )

& outer layer (thin membranous)

the shell is provided with bipolar knobs & filaments

(4-8) at each pole.

------------------
- shell of Hymenolepis diminuta.

similar to Hymenolepis nana without filaments
------------------

- shell of Dipylidium caninum.

thin shell & is composed of 2 layers &separated

by transparent albuminous material .
------------------

- shell of Enterobius vermicularis.

double walled & a 3rd outer thin albuminous sticky

layer.

- sexually transmitted parasites.

1- Trichomonas vaginalis.

- Cause Trichomoniasis.

- T. vaginalis infection is limited in men due to trichomonocidal activity of prostatic secretion and flushing out of the parasites from the urethra during micturition, although it may cause mild urethritis or occasionally prostatitis.

- In women, it is oftenasymptomatic,but if infections persist with vaginitis with frothy vaginal discharge of offensive odour and associated with itching.

2-Human Lice

a-Pediculus humanus.

- Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse),

- Pediculus humanus corporis (body louse) human lice cause : Epidemic typhus , Trench fever, Epidemic relapsing fever and Pediculosis.

b-Phthirus pubis : which causes Pediculosis and Blepharitis .

3-Sarcoptes scabiei : which is the causative parasite of scabies.

- Blood parasites.

- Parasites transmitted through blood transfusion.

= parasites which have apart of its life cycle in the blood

1- Leishmania donovani .

which causes visceral Leishmaniasis either old world or new world

2- Plasmodia species .

3- Babesia species .

4-Toxoplasma gondii .

5-Trypanosoma species :-

a-Trypanosoma brucei complex

-Trypanosoma brucei gambiense .

-Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.

b-Trypanosoma cruzi.

==============================

- Transplacental (congenital ) transmitted Parasites.

=1- All transmitted by blood except Babesia species.

2- Ancylostoma duodenale ( rare).
==============================
- Parasites Detected in peripheral blood.

1. Plasmodia species inside RBCs.
2. Babesia species inside RBCs.
3. Leishmania donovani inside WBCs ( macrophage).
4. Toxoplasma gondii inside WBCs ( macrophage).
5. Trypanosoma species Intercellular (between blood cells) .
6. Microfilariae except onchocerca volvulus Intercellular (between blood cells) .

==============================
- Parasites which cause anaemia :-

1. Leishmania donovani ...Aplastic anaemia.
2. Plasmodia species....Haemolytic anaemia.
3. Shistosoma species..iron deficiency anaemia.
4. Hookworms............iron deficiency anaemia.
5. Diphyllobothrium latum...Perniciuos anaemia.
6. Trichuris trichiura......... Perniciuos anaemia.