-Sites of esophageal constrictions.

Sites of esophageal constrictions are
collected in the word "Dial" at

Diaphragm (15 inches from incisor).
Inlet of the esophagus(6 inches from incisor).
Aortic arch crosses it(9 inches from incisor).
Left main bronchus crosses it (12 inches from incisor).

Importance :-

• During passage of insturments (gastroscope) along the esophagus.
• Lodging of swollen foreign bodies.

Dr Ibrahim

- layers of the scalp.

Scalp is composed of five layers arranged  from outward inward in the manner

" S C A L P "

- Skin:

The skin of the scalp is thick and hair bearing and contains numerous sebaceous glands.


-Connective tissue (superficial fascia):

The superficial fascia is a fibro fatty layer that connects skin to the underlying aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle and provides a passageway for nerves and blood vessels.

- Aponeurosis (galia aponeurotica):- Sheet like tendon of occipitofrontalis muscle .

-Loose areolar tissue (subglial) .

-Pericranium (periosteum):- Dense fibrous tissue.

Enjoy it, see you,

Dr Ibrahim.