Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid cyst). Acanthocheilonema perstans (Adult worm in the pericardium). Mansonella ozzardi (Adult worm in the pericardium).
- Def :- It is a rare X-linked recessive genetic disease which characterized by delayed or absent puberty and an impaired sense of smell, also referred as olfactogenital dysplasia.
- Kallmann syndrome is a form of secondary hypogonadism, reflecting that the primary cause of the defect in sex-hormone production lies within the pituitary and hypothalamus rather than a physical defect of the testes or ovaries.
- Kallmann syndrome was described in 1944 by Franz Josef Kallmann, a German-American geneticist.(1)(2)
- Incidence:-
It affects primarily males at an incidence of 1 out of 10,000 in a study of French conscripts.(3) The male-to-female ratio ranges from 4:1 to 5:1.
- Cause:-
Mutations in the KAL1, FGFR1, PROKR2, and PROK2 genes cause Kallmann syndrome. These genes play a role in the development of certain areas of the brain before birth. Although some of their specific functions are unclear, these genes appear to be involved in the formation and movement (migration) of a group of nerve cells that are specialized to process smells (olfactory neurons).(4)
-Def:- It is a condition in which only Sertoli cells line the seminiferous tubules of the testes and characterized by male sterility (due to azoospermia) without sexual abnormality.
- Synonyms:-
Del Castillo syndrome.
Germ cell aplasia.
-The etiology(1):-
Most causes of SCO syndrome are idiopathic. A congenital absence of germ cells due to failure of migration of gonocytes is theoretically possible.
Massive deletions in the azoospermia factor (AZF) region of the Y chromosome. found.
Exposure to chemicals and toxins may cause SCO; however, direct cause-and-effect relationships in humans have been difficult to document.
Klinefelter syndrome, 47 XXY, results in a characteristic biopsy appearance of SCO and Leydig cell hyperplasia.
Anthony Atala's state-of-the-art lab grows human organs -- from muscles to blood vessels to bladders, and more. He shows footage of his bio-engineers working with some of its sci-fi gizmos, including an oven-like bioreactor (preheat to 98.6 F) and a machine that "prints" human tissue.
you will surprise what the relation between Alessandro Nesta and Nematodes.!? really i will need "Nesta" part to help us to remember nematodes transmitted through contaminated soil..
In many branches of medicine we meet what is called "grades" this grades were put to classify certain conditions. Here I will put the grades what i had found as they meet me in books in simple way......... so you can share us.
Grade I (mild distress):- tachypnea ,working ala nasi and tachycardia .
Grade II (moderate distress):- Chest retraction "in-drawing" (e.g subcostal and intercostal) due to moderate hypoxemia.
Grade III (severe distress):- Grunting which is due to severe hypoxemia and indicate alveolar lesion (i.e parenchymatous lung disease).Here O2 supply is needed and patient must be hospitalized.Grunting is the last compensatory mechanism.
Grade IV:- Cyanosis and disturbed consciousness and endotracheal tube is needed here.
Two scoring systems can be adopted to evaluate the dysnea changing it from subjective complaint to objective complaint. 1-American Thoracic society score (ATS): Grade 0:- No breathlessness except with strenuous exercise. Grade 1:- Breathlessness when hurrying on the level or walking up a slight hill. Grade 2:- Walks slower than people of the same age on the level because of breathlessness or has to stop for breath when walking at own pace on level. Grade 3:- stop for breath after walking about 100 yards (96 meter) or a few minutes on the level. Grade 4:- Too breathless to heave the house or breathless when dressing or underdressing.
2-New york heart association score (NYHA)
There are four functional grades of Dyspnea as follows:-
1. Grade I (minimal Dyspnea): Dyspnea on running or on doing more than ordinary effort .
2. Grade II : on doing ordinary effort .
3. Grade III (considerable Dyspnea) : on doing less than ordinary effort . 4. Grade IV : Dyspnea at rest.
*Ordinary effortis that of the person himself as regard his previous effort tolerance and usual life style.
*Reference:-
- Basics of respiratory medicine,Staff members,Thoracic medicine department,mansourauniversity,3ed,2009,symptoms of chest disease P.g 57.
-Human skin is considered the largest organ of the body and form about 16% of the body weight (1) with a surface area somewhat less than 1.5 m2 (2). -The skin form the external surface of the human body.At the orifices of the mouth,nose and the anal canal, the skin join the mucous membrane at the muco-cutaneous junction (3).
-Types of human skin(1):-
Thick skin (Non-Hairy) which has thick epidermis and found only in the palms and soles as they are the most sites subjected to abrasions and trauma and thick skin shows characteristic parallel ridges and grooves which are called "Finger prints".
Thin skin (Hairy) which has thin epidermis and covers the rest of the body.
-Histological structure of the skin :-
skin is composed of 3 layers
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous fatty layer)
1- Epidermis:-
It is the outer superficial epithelial layer of skin.
It is composed of Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.
The thickness of the epidermis varies in different types of skin. It is the thinnest on the eyelids and the thickest on the palms(0.8mm) and soles(1.4mm).
The epidermis is ectodermal in origin.
The epidermis is devoid of blood vessels and gets its nutrition through diffusion.
Mary Hesdorffer, MS, APRN, nurse practitioner at the Mesothelioma Applied Research Foundation talks about the importance of consulting with a pleural mesothelioma expert when discussing a diagnosis.