- Non typhoidal salmonella.

-Non typhoidal salmonella are bacteria which cause

salmonellosis in human which is a type of

food poisoning...

- While typhoidal salmonella lead to Typhoid

-Non typhoidal salmonella are collected in word

"sect"

- Salmonella Sonnei.

- Salmonella Enteritidis.

- Salmonella Cholerae suis.

- Salmonella Typhimurium.

See you,

Dr Ibrahim.

- causes of re-emerging of T.B.

causes of re-emerging of T.B

Or

why does the burden of T.B increases?!

"Dim shape"

- Demographic changes e.g poor housing and overcrowding.


- Immuno-suppressive drugs.


- Microbial adaptation.

- Multi-drug resistant for T.B.

- Malnutrition.


- Smoking.


- HIV.


- Addiction.


- Increase Prevalence of T.B diagnosis than expected.


- Environmental factors e.g air pollution.

- Decrease Effectiveness of BCG.

see you,

-Triads in medicine.

There are many things in medicine
collected as triads....

1. Ecological triad ...look here.
2. Malarial triad...look here.
3. Beck's triad...look here.
4. Gradenigo's triad...look here.
5. Trotter's triad...look here.
6. Cushing's triad..look here.
7. classic triad of Henoch–Schönlein purpura...look here.
8. Virchow's triad....look here.
9. Charcot's triad.look here.
10. Atta's triad.look here.
11. Hutchinson's triad.look here.
12. Saint's triad.look here.
13. Whipple's triad.look here.
14. Anderson's triad.look here.
15. O'Donoghue's triad.look here.

wait the other triads...

or you can tell us another triad.

- Trotter's triad.

-Trotter's triad is diagnostic for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

- It consists of:-

1. unilateral conductive hearing loss (secretory otitis media).
2. Ipsilateral earache and facial pain (trigeminal nerve).
3. Ipsilateral paralysis of the soft palate.

Return to other triads here.

- Gradenigo's triad.

Gradenigo's triad of Petrositis:-

1- persistant otorrhea.

2- Ipsilateral retro-orbital pain due to irritation of the nearby trigeminal ganglion.

3- Ipsilateral squint and diplopia due to paralysis of the 6th nerve.

Return to other triads here.