- Forensic Medicine.

- Forensic Science :-

Application of knowledge of science (biology, chemistry, physics ,….etc) for  purposes of law and justice.(1)

- Forensic medicine (legal medicine) :-

 Is a branch of medicine that applies the principles and knowledge of
 the medical sciences for administration of law and  justice .(1)

- Forensic medicine is a medical science that studies :-

• Identification الإستعراف
• Somatic and Psychiatric injuries,
• Tanatology “ science of Death. ”
• Autopsy.
• Medical ethics أخلاق المهنة
• Forensic laboratory services)e.g Toxicology, Histopathology, Serology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, DNA laboratory, Medical Imagination and Radiology,Microbiology, Physical Technology)

- Forensic medical expert have to know medical sciences very well to use that in his final medical decisions.

- Characteristics of forensic medical expert:-

1- Caution; He must be accurate and precise in his result and decisions.
2- Intelligence; He must be a good observant.
3-Honesty and accuracy.
4-Good medical knowledge of all medical branches.
5- Well knowledge of criminal sciences and criminal law.
- The expert witness differs from the ordinary witness as he did not see or hear the incident in dispute (النزاع), he gives evidence of scientific fact and he gives an opinion based on professional knowledge and experience, though he may subsequently see the body, or the vehicle, or the instrument, or the scene.(2)


- The expert should explain that his evidences have scientific limitation , so the expert should be under an obligation(ملزم) to make sure that the court does not, unwittingly, use his evidence without realizing its scientific limitations.


- N.B:-The first ever medico-legal expert is considered to be “Imhotep” (1)

-Branches of forensic medical centre:-

• Clinics:-

to examine the somatic and psychiatric injuries, and to determinate the age of live people through clinical forensic & forensic psychiatric .

• Morgue(مشرحة) :- to perform autopsy.

• Laboratories:-

-Forensic Pathology:- To study histopathology samples.
-Forensic Medical Imagination and Radiology.
-Forensic Toxicological:-To investigate the poisons, and drugs of human samples.
-Forensic Immunological :- To investigate the biological traces ( blood, semen, saliva, hair,…etc) To determine the -blood system groups, and DNA fingerprint.
-Forensic Physical Technology :- To reconstruct the accidents, the crimes, the face features, the body features, traffic accidents, firearms, and falls from heights….. to study the fingerprints.

-References:-

• Forensic medicine ,Prof.Dr.Abd El-Aziz Ghanem,Mansoura, pp.(i-iii),(2.
• Expert Forensic Evidence, Alec Samuels, Medicine, Science and the Law, 1974,volume 14, pp. 17-25.

- Paracelsus said...

" All substances are poisons;

there is none which is not a poison.

The right dose differentiates

poison from remedy ".

Paracelsus (1493-1541)

- Microbiology practical 2008 full edition.

This is a good power point show of practical Microbiology

from mansoura university 2008

the pictures of high quality  with some questions

and explanations.....

For download from Mediafire clickhere

file size: 51 MB

enjoy it ....

- Keywords of presentation:-

• Seitz Filter.
• Sterile cotton swab.
• Sterile container.
• Autoclave(uses,principle).
• IMMUNO-FLUOReScence slide.
• Anaerobic jar(uses,principle).
• Sterile syringe.
• Microtetration Plate.
• Tissue Culture flask Disposable(small sized).
• Tissue Culture flask Disposable(large sized).
• Tissue Culture flask Disposable With Tissue culture media.
• Tissue culture Plate.
• Tissue culture Bottle.
• Strept. Pyogens in sputum (Gram stain).
• Strept. Pyogens in culture.
• TB Bacilli In sputum (Ziehl neelsen).
• Pneumococci In sputum-Gram stain-
• G ram – ve in culture.
• Diphteroid G +ve bacilli in culture.
• Anthracoid G +ve bacilli in culture.
• Staph In culture G +ve stain.
• Staph In Pus.
• Candida In G stain
• Candida (lacto phenol blue).
• Aspergillus (lacto phenol blue).
• Staph, G- Ve in culture(Gram stain).
• Candida , G- Ve in culture (Gram stain).
• Candida , Anthracoid.
• Candida , Staph.
• Macconkey Agar plate.
• Non Lactose frementer On macconkys agar.
• Dorset Egg medium.
• Lofflers serum.
• Endopig .Staph on N. Agar .
• Exopig. Of pseudomonas aeruginosa.
• Nutrient Deep Agar.
• Nutrient Agar slope.
• Nutrient Agar plate.
• Aspergillus Niger on saberaud s dextrose agar.
• Litmus milk.
• Cooked meat medium.
• Lowenstein Jensen medium.
• Non lactose frementer on CLED agar.
• lactose fermenter on CLED agar.
• Blood Agar plate (uninoculated).
• Chocolate agar plate.
• Alpha hemolysis on blood agar.
• B hemolysis on blood agar.
• Antibiotic sensitivity Test.
• Widal test.
• Wassermann test.
• Biochemical reaction for salmonella.
• Biochemical reaction for shigella.
• Biochemical reaction of IMVC.

- Vomiting: Non-GIt Causes.

"A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I"

A cute renal failure

B rain (increased ICP)

C ardiac (inferior MI)

D KA(Diabetic keto acidosis)

E ars (labyrinthitis)

F oreign substances (Tylenol, theo, etc.)

G laucoma

H yperemesis gravidarum

I nfections (pyelonephritis, meningitis)

- Cranial nerves.

**There are 12 cranial nerves...

1. I      Olfactory nerve (purely sensory).
2. II     Optic nerve  (purely sensory).
3. III    Occulomotor nerve  ( Purely motor).
4. IV    Trochlear  nerve  ( Purely motor).
5. V     Trigeminal nerve ( Mixed ).
6. VI    Abducent. ( Purely motor).
7. VII   Facial  ( Mixed ).
8. VIII  Auditory nerve  (Vestibulocochlear) (purely sensory).
9. IX    Glossopharyngeal  ( Mixed ).
10. X     Vagus  ( Mixed ).
11. XI    Spinal Accessory.( Mixed ).
12. XII   Hypoglossal .( Mixed ).

** Important notes:-

- The largest cranial nerve .... CN V (Trigeminal).
- Cranial nerves responsible for eye movements are

•    III (Oculomotor)
•    IV (Trochlear)
•    VI (Abducens)

- The longest cranial nerve ....CN X (Vagus) which reaches from the medulla to the digestive and urinary organs.


- CN I and II are  attached to Cerebrum.

See you ,

Ibrahim