- Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication (video).

Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication (video)

In a fundoplication, the gastric fundus (upper part) of the stomach is wrapped , around the lower end of the esophagus and stitched in place, reinforcing the closing function of the lower esophageal sphincter.

In a Nissen fundoplication,"complete fundoplication", the fundus is wrapped all the way 360 degrees around the esophagus.

This is a video of a Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication 

- Birth of Baby (Vaginal Childbirth) animation.

Birth of Baby (Vaginal Childbirth) animation.

- Sperm Motility grading.

Sperm Motility grading.

(Human sperm stained for semen quality testing in the clinical laboratory.)

• Grade 1: sperm are immotile meaning that they fail to move at all.
• Grade 2: sperm are labeled as non-progressive motility because they do not move forward despite the fact that they move their tails.
• Grade 3: sperm (non-linear motility) also move forward but tend to travel in a curved or crooked motion.
• Grade 4: sperm are known to have progressive motility meaning they are the strongest and swim fast in a straight line.

Ideal sperm quality dictates that a man should have grade 3 or 4 sperm in order to fertilize an egg.

 Dr Ibrahim
Return to list of medical grades (click here) 

- Placental diseases.

Placental diseases

A placenta disease is a condition where normal function of the placenta is impaired.

"Cinder" قطعة خشب محروقة 

Calcification.

Infection (syphilis and TB).
Infarction (PIH,DM,Lupus erythematosis).

Neoplasms.
Degeneration of placenta:following calcification and infarction.
Erytheroblastosis fetalis.
Retroplacental Heamatoma (abruption placenta).

Dr Ibrahim

- Saint's triad.

Saint's triad.

It is a common association of:-

1. Gall stones.
2. Hiatal Hernia
3. Diverticulosis coli.

Dr Ibrahim

Return to other triads here.