- Clinical Picture of Symblepharon.

Clinical Picture of Symblepharon

"Blade"

Bad cosmetic appearance.
Limitation of ocular motility and diplopia.
Ankyloblepharon.
Diminution of vision in cases of corneal affection.
Exposure Keratopathy and chronic conjuctivitis.

Dr Ibrahim

-Sites of esophageal constrictions.

Sites of esophageal constrictions are
collected in the word "Dial" at

Diaphragm (15 inches from incisor).
Inlet of the esophagus(6 inches from incisor).
Aortic arch crosses it(9 inches from incisor).
Left main bronchus crosses it (12 inches from incisor).

Importance :-

• During passage of insturments (gastroscope) along the esophagus.
• Lodging of swollen foreign bodies.

Dr Ibrahim

- Cuases of lacrimation.

Cuases of lacrimation

Lacrimation is increased production of tears.

Cuases:-          "Life"
latent squint.

Inflammation of(Lid margins,Conjunctiva,Cornea,iris,ciliay body).
IOP elevation (Glaucoma).

Foreign body(Conjunctival or corneal).

Error of refraction,Emotional conditions.

Dr Ibrahim

-Grades of binocular single vision.

Grades of binocular single vision

Grade I(Simultaneous preception):
It is the ability to see two objects at one time.

Grade II(Fusion):
It is the ability to fuse similar objects with control.

Grade III (stereopsis)(perception of depth):
It is the ability to perceive depth when eye is presented with slightly dissimilar image of the same object.

Return to list of medical grades (click here) 

Dr Ibrahim

-Grading of hypertensive retinopathy.

Grading of hypertensive retinopathy

Grade 1: mild generalized arteriolar attenuation especially branches.

Grade 2: more severe,generalized,and focal
arteriolar constriction with deflection of veins at arterio-venous crossings(salus sign).

Grade 3: Copper wiring of the arterioles,banking veins,distal crossing changes,tapering of veins on either side of the crossing and right angled deflection of veins.These findings are associated with flame shapped hemorrhage,cotton wool spots and hard exudates.

Grade 4: all of the above changes as well as silver wiring of the arterioles and disc swelling.

Return to list of medical grades (click here) 

Dr Ibrahim