- Vision.

- Vision: - is a complex sense composed of many elements including:-

Perception of image on retina.-

-Conduction of the image as nerve impulse to brain.

- Interpretation & recognition of the image by brain.

- Organ of Vision: - is the eye.

- Eye is formed of: -

-Eyeball which located inside the orbit.

-Extra ocular structures surrounding it

(eyelids – Conjunctiva - lacrimal apparatus - Extra ocular muscles)

N.B… nerve of vision is :-

optic nerve which is the second (2nd) cranial nerve.

N.B… Ocular muscles 2:-

1- Extra ocular muscles:-

-Levator Palpebrae Superioris.

-Four recti :-

• Lat. Rectus
• Med. Rectus.
• Sup. Rectus.
• Inf. Rectus.

- Inf. Oblique.

- Sup. Oblique

2- Intra ocular muscles:-

- ciliary muscle.

- Sphincter pupillae muscle.

- Dilator pupillae muscle.

- Dietary Protein.

Dietary Protein

Chemistery :-

Proteins are made of strings of amino acids that form chains known as peptides.
Proteins differ by the types and order of amino acids they contain. Even though there are only 20 amino acids, they create almost endless variations in chains as long as 500 links.

site of synthesis:-

Proteins form inside animals (including humans) and plants through processes that synthesize peptides. For humans, we cannot synthesize certain "essential protein," and so we must ingest them through food. These essential proteins are made of phenylalanine, threonine, methionine, tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and valine amino acids.

Functions pf proteins:-
Our bodies need dietary protein to accomplish many basic functions, such as:-
1- building bones.
2- moving muscles.
3- repairing tissue.
4- a catalyst in metabolism.
5- They're involved in the nervous system function.
6- bringing energy to cells.

Dietary protein, an essential nutrient, comes from meat, dairy, and certain grains and beans.

Food from plants, like corn, have incomplete protein, which means they do not contain all the necessary amino acids. Only food from animals, such as cheese and fish, provide complete protein, and don't need to be combined with other protein sources.

Examples of complete protein foods are :-

milk, cheese, yogurt, butter, poultry, pork, or any meat. Incomplete proteins include oats, wheat, pasta, lentils, nuts, rice, soy, pears, and seeds. Eating a combination of complementary protein sources, such as grains mixed with legumes, results in a diet of essential protein. This is how vegetarians and vegans maintain health without eating meat or dairy.

Dietary requirements:-
vary from 40-70 gm of protein per day.

Disturbances:-
1- Too much protein might deplete calcium,
2- while too little causes a form of malnutrition called kwashiorkor. Insufficient protein weakens the heart and other muscles, eventually leading to death.
3- Incidentally, proteins are responsible for most food allergies.

With my best wishes

Dr-hema

- what is ophthalmology?

The medicine and surgery of the eye and
its surrounding structures and its connections
to the brain, in order to maintain clear
, pain-free and useful vision
with an aesthetic attractive appearance.

- Forensic Medicine.

- Forensic Science :-

Application of knowledge of science (biology, chemistry, physics ,….etc) for  purposes of law and justice.(1)

- Forensic medicine (legal medicine) :-

 Is a branch of medicine that applies the principles and knowledge of
 the medical sciences for administration of law and  justice .(1)

- Forensic medicine is a medical science that studies :-

• Identification الإستعراف
• Somatic and Psychiatric injuries,
• Tanatology “ science of Death. ”
• Autopsy.
• Medical ethics أخلاق المهنة
• Forensic laboratory services)e.g Toxicology, Histopathology, Serology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, DNA laboratory, Medical Imagination and Radiology,Microbiology, Physical Technology)

- Forensic medical expert have to know medical sciences very well to use that in his final medical decisions.

- Characteristics of forensic medical expert:-

1- Caution; He must be accurate and precise in his result and decisions.
2- Intelligence; He must be a good observant.
3-Honesty and accuracy.
4-Good medical knowledge of all medical branches.
5- Well knowledge of criminal sciences and criminal law.
- The expert witness differs from the ordinary witness as he did not see or hear the incident in dispute (النزاع), he gives evidence of scientific fact and he gives an opinion based on professional knowledge and experience, though he may subsequently see the body, or the vehicle, or the instrument, or the scene.(2)


- The expert should explain that his evidences have scientific limitation , so the expert should be under an obligation(ملزم) to make sure that the court does not, unwittingly, use his evidence without realizing its scientific limitations.


- N.B:-The first ever medico-legal expert is considered to be “Imhotep” (1)
 

-Branches of forensic medical centre:-

• Clinics:-

to examine the somatic and psychiatric injuries, and to determinate the age of live people through clinical forensic & forensic psychiatric .

• Morgue(مشرحة) :- to perform autopsy.

• Laboratories:-

-Forensic Pathology:- To study histopathology samples.
-Forensic Medical Imagination and Radiology.
-Forensic Toxicological:-To investigate the poisons, and drugs of human samples.
-Forensic Immunological :- To investigate the biological traces ( blood, semen, saliva, hair,…etc) To determine the -blood system groups, and DNA fingerprint.
-Forensic Physical Technology :- To reconstruct the accidents, the crimes, the face features, the body features, traffic accidents, firearms, and falls from heights….. to study the fingerprints.

-References:-

• Forensic medicine ,Prof.Dr.Abd El-Aziz Ghanem,Mansoura, pp.(i-iii),(2.
• Expert Forensic Evidence, Alec Samuels, Medicine, Science and the Law, 1974,volume 14, pp. 17-25.

- Paracelsus said...

" All substances are poisons;

there is none which is not a poison.

The right dose differentiates

poison from remedy ".

Paracelsus (1493-1541)