Basic bony surface anatomy of the knee.
Thursday, December 2, 2010
Monday, November 22, 2010
- Bladder Injury.
Bladder Injury
Aetiology:-
- Blunt trauma : 10% of pelvic fractures.
- Penetrating trauma :gunshots or stap wounds.
- Iatrogenic:-
- Obestetric :- 0.3% with caeserean section.
- Gynaecological e.g.during a vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy.
- Urological e.g during cystescopy.
- Orthopaedic e.g. pins and screws can commonly perforate the urinary bladder, particularly during internal fixation of pelvic fractures.
- Idiopathic:- due to presence of a previous scar.
Classification(Pathophysiology):-
- Extraperitoneal rupture bladder: Usually due to fracture pelvis,and Extravasation occur at the perivesical space and may extend up to the anterior abdominal wall,If the urogenital membrane is injuried.
- Intraperitoneal rupture bladder:(The most dangerous) Usually due to direct trauma when the bladder is full,associated with electrolyte disturbance and may passed unnoticed for along time.
Thursday, November 11, 2010
- Side effects of antithyroid drugs.
Side effects of antithyroid drugs.
"Charge"
Cholestatic jaundice.Hypothyroidism.
Allergy,Agranulocytosis.
Relapse on sudden stoppage.
Goiter,Git upsets.
Exophthalmos increase.
enjoy,,
Dr Ibrahim
Thursday, November 4, 2010
-Duhin-Johnson syndrome.
Duhin-Johnson syndrome.
It is Autosomal recessive disease characterized by Partial defect in excretion of conjugated bilirubin into the bile.*Clinical picture:-It is usually asymptomatic.
- Jaundice.
- Good general condition.
*Investigations:-
- Bilirubin: mild elevation of direct bilirubin
- Biopsy (dark pigment inside hepatocytes i.e the liver is black in colour), it had been proved to be a metabolite of catecholamines.
- +ve Bromosulphthalein (BSP) Test: Normally 90% of this dye is removed from blood within 45 minutes after I.V injection in normal liver. In Dubin-Johnson syndrome there is a late rise in plasma SSP after an initial fall due to reflux of the dye from the liver reflecting hepatic excretion defect.
- No evidence of obstruction.
- No evidence of LCF.
*Treatment:-
No treatment (almost normal life span).Friday, October 29, 2010
- Classification of Graves' eye disease.
Classification of Graves' eye disease.
"NO SPECS"
- Class 0: No signs or symptoms.
- Class 1: Only signs (limited to upper lid retraction and stare, with or without lid lag).
- Class 2: Soft tissue involvement (oedema of conjunctivae and lids, conjunctival injection, etc.).
- Class 3: Proptosis.
- Class 4: Extraocular muscle involvement.
- Class 5: Corneal involvement.
- Class 6: Sight loss (due to optic nerve involvement).
Enjoy,,
Dr Ibrahim
- Source:-
- Werner SC. Modification of the classification of the eye changes of Graves' disease: recommendations of the Ad Hoc Committee of the American Thyroid Association. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977;44: 203-4.
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