-Grades of binocular single vision.

Grades of binocular single vision

Grade I(Simultaneous preception):
It is the ability to see two objects at one time.

Grade II(Fusion):
It is the ability to fuse similar objects with control.

Grade III (stereopsis)(perception of depth):
It is the ability to perceive depth when eye is presented with slightly dissimilar image of the same object.

Return to list of medical grades (click here) 

Dr Ibrahim

-Grading of hypertensive retinopathy.

Grading of hypertensive retinopathy

Grade 1: mild generalized arteriolar attenuation especially branches.

Grade 2: more severe,generalized,and focal
arteriolar constriction with deflection of veins at arterio-venous crossings(salus sign).

Grade 3: Copper wiring of the arterioles,banking veins,distal crossing changes,tapering of veins on either side of the crossing and right angled deflection of veins.These findings are associated with flame shapped hemorrhage,cotton wool spots and hard exudates.

Grade 4: all of the above changes as well as silver wiring of the arterioles and disc swelling.

Return to list of medical grades (click here) 

Dr Ibrahim

- Metabolic cuases of Impotence.

Metabolic cuases of Impotence (erectile dysfunction).

"Rash"

Renal Failure.
Alcoholism.
Sickle cell disease
Hoemochromatosis.
Hepatic failure.
Hyperglycemia (D.M).

Dr Ibrahim

- Nematodes affecting skin and s.c tissue.

Nematodes affecting skin and subcutaenous tissue.

"Hook was old"

Hook worms(Ground itching).


Wuchereria Bancrofti,Wuchereria malayi(they cause Elephentiasis).
Ancylstoma caninum,Ancylstoma Brazilliense (they cause creeping eruption).
Strongyloides stercoralis (creeping eruption).




Onchocerca volvulus(Nodules and Elephentiasis).
Loa Loa (Calabar swelling).
Dracunculus medinensis(ulcer and cellulitis).

Dr Ibrahim

- Parasites affecting Heart.

Parasites affecting Heart

"Heart Team" 

Heterophyes heterophyes (Eggs)

Taenia solium (cysticercosis), 
Trichinella spiralis (Trichina capsule),
Trypanosoma cruzi (Leishmanial form),
Toxoplasma gondii (true tissue cyst).

Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid cyst).
Acanthocheilonema perstans (Adult worm in the pericardium).
Mansonella ozzardi (Adult worm in the pericardium).

or  Arabic students can use the word "Hatem"

Dr Ibrahim