-Grading of hypertensive retinopathy.

Grading of hypertensive retinopathy

Grade 1: mild generalized arteriolar attenuation especially branches.

Grade 2: more severe,generalized,and focal
arteriolar constriction with deflection of veins at arterio-venous crossings(salus sign).

Grade 3: Copper wiring of the arterioles,banking veins,distal crossing changes,tapering of veins on either side of the crossing and right angled deflection of veins.These findings are associated with flame shapped hemorrhage,cotton wool spots and hard exudates.

Grade 4: all of the above changes as well as silver wiring of the arterioles and disc swelling.

Return to list of medical grades (click here) 

Dr Ibrahim

- Metabolic cuases of Impotence.

Metabolic cuases of Impotence (erectile dysfunction).

"Rash"

Renal Failure.
Alcoholism.
Sickle cell disease
Hoemochromatosis.
Hepatic failure.
Hyperglycemia (D.M).

Dr Ibrahim

- Nematodes affecting skin and s.c tissue.

Nematodes affecting skin and subcutaenous tissue.

"Hook was old"

Hook worms(Ground itching).


Wuchereria Bancrofti,Wuchereria malayi(they cause Elephentiasis).
Ancylstoma caninum,Ancylstoma Brazilliense (they cause creeping eruption).
Strongyloides stercoralis (creeping eruption).




Onchocerca volvulus(Nodules and Elephentiasis).
Loa Loa (Calabar swelling).
Dracunculus medinensis(ulcer and cellulitis).

Dr Ibrahim

- Parasites affecting Heart.

Parasites affecting Heart

"Heart Team" 

Heterophyes heterophyes (Eggs)

Taenia solium (cysticercosis), 
Trichinella spiralis (Trichina capsule),
Trypanosoma cruzi (Leishmanial form),
Toxoplasma gondii (true tissue cyst).

Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid cyst).
Acanthocheilonema perstans (Adult worm in the pericardium).
Mansonella ozzardi (Adult worm in the pericardium).

or  Arabic students can use the word "Hatem"

Dr Ibrahim

- Kallmann syndrome.

 Kallmann syndrome

- Def :- It is a rare X-linked recessive genetic disease which characterized by delayed or absent puberty and an impaired sense of smell, also referred as olfactogenital dysplasia.

- Kallmann syndrome is a form of secondary hypogonadism, reflecting that the primary cause of the defect in sex-hormone production lies within the pituitary and hypothalamus rather than a physical defect of the testes or ovaries.

- Kallmann syndrome was described in 1944 by Franz Josef Kallmann, a German-American geneticist.(1)(2)

- Incidence:-

It affects primarily males at an incidence of 1 out of 10,000 in a study of French conscripts.(3)
The male-to-female ratio ranges from 4:1 to 5:1.

- Cause:-

Mutations in the KAL1, FGFR1, PROKR2, and PROK2 genes cause Kallmann syndrome.
These genes play a role in the development of certain areas of the brain before birth. Although some of their specific functions are unclear, these genes appear to be involved in the formation and movement (migration) of a group of nerve cells that are specialized to process smells (olfactory neurons).(4)

- Synonyms:-

• de Morsier’s syndrome II.
• Morsier-Gauthier syndrome.
• Kallmann-de Morsier syndrome.
• Maestre-Kallmann-de Morsier syndrome.
• Maestre de San Juan-Kallmann syndrome.
• Maestre de San Juan-Kallmann-de Morsier syndrome.
• anosmic hypogonadism.
• anosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
• hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia.
• hypogonadotropic hypogonadism-anosmia syndrome.