- Sertoli-cell-only syndrome (germinal cell aplasia).

Sertoli-cell-only syndrome (SCO)

-Def:- It is a condition in which only Sertoli cells line the seminiferous tubules of the testes and characterized by male sterility (due to azoospermia) without sexual abnormality.

- Synonyms:-

• Del Castillo syndrome.
• Germ cell aplasia.

-The etiology (1):-

• Most causes of SCO syndrome are idiopathic. A congenital absence of germ cells due to failure of migration of gonocytes is theoretically possible.
• Massive deletions in the azoospermia factor (AZF) region of the Y chromosome. found.
• Exposure to chemicals and toxins may cause SCO; however, direct cause-and-effect relationships in humans have been difficult to document.
• Klinefelter syndrome, 47 XXY, results in a characteristic biopsy appearance of SCO and Leydig cell hyperplasia.
  
  

- Anthony Atala on growing new organs.

Anthony Atala's state-of-the-art lab grows human organs -- from muscles to blood vessels to bladders, and more. He shows footage of his bio-engineers working with some of its sci-fi gizmos, including an oven-like bioreactor (preheat to 98.6 F) and a machine that "prints" human tissue.

What amazing!!

- Parasites affecting Spleen.

Parasites affecting Spleen

"Spleen"

Schistosoma species.

PLasmodia species.

LEishmania donovani.

EchiNococcus granulosus .

Dr Ibrahim

- Nematodes transmitted through contaminated soil.

 Nematodes transmitted through contaminated soil
(Nematodal geoparasites)

(Alessandro Nesta the famous Italian footballer )

(source of pic here )

you will surprise what the relation between Alessandro Nesta and Nematodes.!? really i will need "Nesta" part to help us to remember nematodes transmitted through contaminated soil..

"Nesta" 

Necator americanus (filariform larvae).

Enterobius vermicularis (eggs).
Strongyloides  stercoralis (filariform larvae).
Toxocara canis and cati (eggs),Trichocephalus trichiurus.
Ascaris lumbricoides,Ancylostoma duodenale.
 

Dr Ibrahim

- Nematodes transmitted by eating raw vegetables.

Nematodes transmitted by eating raw vegetables

"Eat"

Enterobius vermicularis (eggs).

Ascaris lumbricoides (eggs).

Toxocara canis and cati(eggs) ,Trichocephalus trichiurus(eggs),Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Larvae).

Dr Ibrahim