-Drugs causing hepatitis.

Drugs causing hepatitis

"CMV Hard knife"

Cytotoxic drugs,Clonazepam.
Methyldopa.
Verapamil.

Halothane.
Atenolol.
Rifampicin.
Disulfiram.

Ketoconazole.
Nitrofurantoin,Niacin.
Isoniazid.
Fenofibrate.
Enalapril,Erythromycin.

Dr Ibrahim

-Treatment of Acute pancreatitis.

Treatment of Acute pancreatitis
"Snails"

Shock managment.
Nothing by mouth (put pancreas to rest).
Aspiration of gastric contents and Analgesics for pain.
Iv fluids and Calcuim.
Lavage of peritoneum in severe cases.
Somatostatin:- decrease pancreatic secretions.

Dr Ibrahim

-Varieties of Diabetic neuropathy.

Varieties of Diabetic neuropathy
"Stamp"

Sensorimotor polyneuropathy.
Truncal neuropathy.
Autonomic neuropathy.
Mononeuropathy.
Proximal neuropathy (diabetic amyotrophy).

Dr Ibrahim

-Atta's triad.

Atta's triad.

Atta's triad of bilharzial dysentery:-

1. Bleeding per rectum.
2. Polyposis.
3. Clubbing of fingers.

Dr Ibrahim

Return to other triads here.

-Charcot's triad.

Charcot's triad.

Charcot's triad of acute cholangitis:-

1. Fever with rigors.
2. Right hypochondrial pain.
3. Jaundice.

Dr Ibrahim
Return to other triads here.

-Malabsorption syndrome.

Malabsorption syndrome.

Def:-Interference of absorption of one or more of the nutrients from small intestine,however lipids almost always fail to be absorbed leading to steatorrhea (fatty stool).

Causes:-

1)Gastric causes:-

• Cancer stomach.
• Atrophic gastritis.
• Gastrectomy.
• Gastrojejunostomy.
• Prenicious anemia.
• Zolinger Ellison syndrome.

2)Pancreatic causes(decrease Pancreatic enzymes):-

• Chronic pancreatitis.
• Cystic fibrosis.
• Pancreatic resection.
• Cancer pancrease
• Hemochromatosis.
  

-Grading of function in rheumataid disease.

Grading of function in rheumataid disease

I Fit for all activities.
II Moderate restriction.
III Marked restriction.
IV Confined to chair or bedbound.

Dr Ibrahim
Return to list of medical grades (click here)

-Caroli's syndrome.

Caroli's syndrome.

Def:-
It is a congenital segmental dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary system.

Clinical picture:-

• Recurrent attacks of cholangitis.
• liver abscesses may occur.

Complications:-

• Biliary stones.
• Cholangiocarcinoma.

Treatment:-

• Antibiotics for cholangitis.
• Segmental liver resection for localized disease.

Dr Ibrahim

Return to list of medical syndromes here

-Iatrogenic endocrinal diseases.

Iatrogenic endocrinal diseases
"TV as Milk"

Thyroxin therapy lead to thyrotoxicosis.
Vit D lead to hypercalcaemia.

Amiodarone lead to thyroid dysfunction.
ACEIs lead to hypoaldosteronism.
Sympathomimetics lead to picture like thyrotoxicosis.
Steroid therapy lead to DM and cushing syndrome.

Metoclopramide lead to hyperprolactinaemia.
Iodide lead to hyperthyrodism.
Insulin and oral hypoglycemic lead to hypoglycemia.
Lithium lead to hypothyrodism.
Ketoconazole lead to hypoadrenalism.

Dr Ibrahim

-Psychic features of Hyperthyrodism.

Psychic features of Hyperthyrodism.

"Mania"

• Mental disturbance.
• Anxiety.
• Nervousness.
• Insomnia.
• Agitation.
   

Dr Ibrahim

-Congenital Rubella Syndrome.

Congenital Rubella Syndrome

Aetiology:-
Maternal infection by rubella leads to Maternal viremia which lead to transplacental spread of the virus to the fetus causing fetal viremia whcih in turn leads to infection invloving many fetal organs and hence congenital anomalies.

N.B:- Newborn discharge virus in his secretions for 12-18 months after birth so he is infectious.
Incidence:-
*In the 1st trimester:- 15-20%.
*In the 4th month:- 5%.   

-Factors affecting human linear growth.

Factors affecting human linear growth.

• Age
• Sex
• Race.
• Hereditary factors:- Children of two short parents will probably be short and vice versa.
• Endocrinal factors e.g Growth Hormone which is responsible for stimulation of body growth in humans.
• Nutritional factors:- Adequate nutrients must be available for normal growth.
• General health:- Any serious systemic disease in childhood is likely to reduce growth (e.g. chronic kidney disease or chronic infection).
• Intrauterine growth retardation (small birth weight):-These infants often growpoorly in the long term.
• Emotional deprivation and psychological factors:- These can impair growth by complex, poorly understood mechanisms.
• Chromosomal abnormalities.
• Skeletal maturity.

Dr Ibrahim

- Caplan's syndrome.

Caplan's syndrome

*Def:-It is is a combination of rheumatoid arthritis and pneumoconiosis that manifests as intrapulmonary nodules.
*Synonyms:- rheumatoid pneumoconiosis.

*Causes:-

It occurs only in patient with both rheumatoid arthritis and pneumoconiosis related to mining dust (coal, asbestos, silica)so occurs in miners (especially those working in anthracite coal-mines), asbestosis, silicosis and other pneumoconioses.

- Felty's syndrome.

Felty's syndrome

*DeF:- It is a disorder characterized by the combination of rheumatoid arthritis, splenomegaly,neutropenia and repeated infections.
*It occurs in 5% of adult.

*Clinical picture:-

• Skin pigmentation and generalized lymphadenopathy.
• Splenomegaly.
• Hepatomegaly.
• Highly erosive and deforming arthiritis.
• L.E cells are +ve.
• Neutropenia so increase liability to certain infections.
• Fever, weight loss, and/or fatigue.

- Presentation:- Schizophrenia .

Schizophrenia PowerPoint show

Keywords:-

• Definition Of Schizophrenia.
• Epidemiology Of Schizophrenia.
• A bit of history
• Etiology Of Schizophrenia.
• Signs and symptoms
• Types Of Schizophrenia.
• Differential Diagnosis Of Schizophrenia.
• Diagnostic criteria Of Schizophrenia.
• Prognostic Factors in schizophrenia.
• Prognosis Of Schizophrenia.
• Treatment Of Schizophrenia.

- ACR Criteria for Diagnosis of SLE.

American college of Rheumatology (ACR) Criteria

for Diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

"Sharp Domain"

1. Serositis:Pleuritis, pericarditis.
2. Hematologic disorder (hemolytic anemia OR Leukopenia less than 4,000 OR Lymphopenia less than 1500 or thrombocytopenia less than 100,000).
3. Arthritis:-(nonerosive, involving 2 or more joints).
4. Renal disorder:-(persistent proteinuria > 0.5 grams per day OR cellular CASTS).
5. Photosensitivity:- Rash on exposure to sun light.
   
   

- Skin manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Skin manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

"Dr Palm"

• Discoid rash.
• Raynaud's phenomenon: observed at distal digital tips.

• Photosensitivity, Purpuric lesion, Pre-ungual erythema.
• Alopecia:commonly affect the temporal regions.
• Lichen plannus like, Livedo reticularis, leucoderma.
• Malar rash.

Dr Ibrahim

-Sjögren's syndrome.

Sjögren's syndrome

(Sicca syndrome.)

*Def:-

It is chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands(1)that produce tears and saliva.

*synonymes:-

• Mikulicz disease.
• Sicca syndrome.

*It is named after Swedish ophthalmologist Henrik Sjögren(2)(1899–1986) who first described it.

*Pathology:-

It is characterized by unusual infiltration of these glands that are responsible for fluid production by lymphocytes, thus causing decreased saliva (dry mouth), decreased tear production (dry eyes), and drying of other mucous membranes.

- Carpal tunnel syndrome.

Carpal tunnel syndrome 

*Def:- is a medical condition in which the median nerve is compressed inside the flexor retinaculum leading to paresthesias, numbness and muscle weakness in the hand.

*Causes:-

Due to fibrosis,fluid accumulation,soft tissue or bone hypertrophy which my be due to:-

"MEDIAN TRAP"(1)

Myxoedema
Edema
Diabetes mellitus,Drugs(e.g Oral contraceptive pills)
Idiopathic
Acromegaly
Neoplasm 

Trauma,Typists(Occuptional).
Rheumatoid arthritis
Amyloidosis
Pregnancy

-Brown-Séquard syndrome.

Brown-Séquard syndrome.
(Hemisection of spinal cord.)

*Aetiology:-
lesion in one side of the spinal cord as:-

• Stab wound.
• Disc prolapse.
• D.S.
• Tumor.