Showing posts with label neurology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label neurology. Show all posts

Monday, April 5, 2010

-Brown-Séquard syndrome.

Brown-Séquard syndrome.
(Hemisection of spinal cord.)
*Aetiology:-
lesion in one side of the spinal cord as:-

  • Stab wound.
  • Disc prolapse.
  • D.S.
  • Tumor.

Saturday, April 3, 2010

- Horner's syndrome.

Horner's syndrome
*Def:-
It is a clinical syndrome caused by damage to the sympathetic nerve supply to head and neck.
*synonymes:-
  • Bernard-Horner syndrome
  • oculosympathetic palsy.
*Causes:-
Due to lesion or compression of one side of the cervical or thoracic sympathetic chain which generates symptoms on the ipsilateral (same side as lesion) side of the body:-

Monday, March 29, 2010

- Medical treatment of hydrocephalus.

Medical treatment of hydrocephalus

*Aim:-
Medical treatment is used to delay surgical intervention.

*Medical treatment is not effective in long-term treatment of chronic hydrocephalus. It may induce metabolic consequences and thus should be used only as a temporizing measure.

*Lines of TTT:- "Fair"
  • Furosemide:1mg/kg/day.(Decreasing CSF secretion).
  • Acetazolamide 5mg/kg/day.(Decreasing CSF secretion).
  • Isosorbide (Increasing CSF reabsorption).
  • Restriction of water and salts.
Dr Ibrahim

Saturday, March 27, 2010

- Skull causes of macrocephaly.


Skull causes of Macrocephaly.
"Oscar"

Osteogenesis imperfecta.
Secondaries especially neuroblastoma.
Chronic hemolytic anemia.
Achondroplasia.
Rickets.

Dr Ibrahim

Thursday, March 25, 2010

-Guillain Barré syndrome.

Guillain Barré syndrome

Aetiology(theories):-

  • Postinfection:50% of cases have preceding respiratory or GIT viral infection.
  • Post vaccination:following vaccination against swine flu virus.
  • Lymphoma.
  • Autoimmune theory.
Clinical Picture:-
1-Initial febrile illness.
2-Motor affection:-

  • Bilateral symmetrical ascending affection of both lower limbs,trunk,upper limbs,Bulbar muscles,facial muscles then diphragm and respiratory muscles.
  • The Affection is proximal more than distal in adult.
  • The Affection is proximal more than distal in infant and childrens.
  • Weakness is associated with hypotonia and areflexia.

Wednesday, March 24, 2010

-Lambert-Eaton syndrome.


Lambert-Eaton syndrome
or
Myasthenic-myopayhic syndrome.

*Pathophysiology:-

  • a myasthenic syndrome due to autoimmune orocess targeting the mechanism of releasing A.CH from nerve terminals.
  • It often associated with bronchogenic carcinoma or other malignancies.
*Clinical picture:-
Proximal weakness,wasting and fatigue but with less common ocular and bulbar affection than Myasthenia.

*Diagnosis:-

  • EMG:- shows paradoxical increase  in successive muscle contractions.
  • No significant response to prostigmine,but respond to guanidine HCL 20 mg/Kg/day or prednisolone+imuran.
  • No acetylecholine receptor antibodies.
  • CXR to determine if associated with bronchogenic carcinoma or not.
*Treatment:-
  • Treatment of the underlying neoplasm.
  • Plasmapheresis.
  • Immunosuppression.

Dr Ibrahim

Return to list of medical syndromes here

Monday, March 1, 2010

-Risk factors of cerebral infarction.


Risk factors of cerebral infarction

A)Non-modifiable risk factors:- "Maps"
Male gender.
African-American.
Age(Old age).
Positive family history.
Prior Stroke.

B)Modifiable risk factors by medical treatment:- "Third"
Transient ischemic attacks.
Heart diseases.
Increase Blood pressure(HTN).
Raised Hematocrite.
Diabetes Mellitus.

C)Modifiable risk factors by changing lifestyle:- "chops"
Cigarette smoking.
Hyperlipidemia.
Obesity.
Physical inactivity.
Stressful life.

Dr Ibrahim

-Grades for quantitative assessment of muscle power.


Grades for quantitative assessment of muscle power

Grade(0):-Total paralysis.
Grade(1):-Visible or palpable flicker of contraction but no movement of joint or limb.
Grade(2):-contraction of the muscle  only when the effect of gravity is eliminated.
Grade(3):-Normal movement against gravity but not against additional resistance.
Grade(4):-Normal movement against gravity and additional resistance but not in full range.
Grade(5):-Intact(Normal) muscle power.

Dr Ibrahim

Return to list of medical grades (click here) 

Saturday, February 27, 2010

-Deep tendon reflex grading.

Deep tendon reflex grading
Grade(-):- Absent.
Grade(+):- Hypoactive(Weak).
Grade(++):- Normal(Average).
Grade(+++):- Hyperactive without clonus or moderate exaggeration without clonus.
Grade(++++):- Hyperactive with clonus or marked exaggeration with clonus.

Dr Ibrahim
 
Return to list of medical grades (click here) 

Friday, September 5, 2008

- Cranial nerves.

**There are 12 cranial nerves...

  1. I      Olfactory nerve (purely sensory).
  2. II     Optic nerve  (purely sensory).
  3. III    Occulomotor nerve  ( Purely motor).
  4. IV    Trochlear  nerve  ( Purely motor).
  5. V     Trigeminal nerve ( Mixed ).
  6. VI    Abducent. ( Purely motor).
  7. VII   Facial  ( Mixed ).
  8. VIII  Auditory nerve  (Vestibulocochlear) (purely sensory).
  9. IX    Glossopharyngeal  ( Mixed ).
  10. X     Vagus  ( Mixed ).
  11. XI    Spinal Accessory.( Mixed ).
  12. XII   Hypoglossal .( Mixed ).

** Important notes:-
- The largest cranial nerve .... CN V (Trigeminal).
- Cranial nerves responsible for eye movements are
  •    III (Oculomotor)
  •    IV (Trochlear)
  •    VI (Abducens)

- The longest cranial nerve ....CN X (Vagus) which reaches from the medulla to the digestive and urinary organs.


- CN I and II are  attached to Cerebrum.


See you ,
Ibrahim

Wednesday, August 20, 2008

- Three in nervous system.

* Brain is composed of three parts :-
  1. Cerebrum.
  2. Cerebellum.
  3. Brain stem.

* Brain stem is composed of three parts :-
  1. Midbrain.
  2. Pons.
  3. Medulla oblongata.
To be continued ....