Showing posts with label Cardiology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Cardiology. Show all posts

Tuesday, June 8, 2010

-Complications of Tetralogy of fallot.

Complications of Tetralogy of fallot
"Inches"
Infective endocarditis,Low I.Q.
Neurological (e.g Brain abscess,cerebrovascular accidents)
Cyanotic spell,Clubbing.
Hematological(e.g polycythemia,IDA,Thrombosis).
Hyperuracemia and gout,Heart Failure (rare).
Exercise intolerance.
Squatting,scoliosis,Stunted growth.

Dr Ibrahim

Thursday, May 20, 2010

-No in ASD.

No in Atrial septal defect.

No murmur due to ASD itself but murmur of relative MS,PS.
No ACEIs if HF occur but give diuretics and digitalis.
No spontanous closure of ASD.
No symptoms or signs in small ASD.

Dr Ibrahim

Wednesday, March 17, 2010

-Vircow's triad.


Vircow's triad is the aetiology of thrombosis which is composed of :-

1-Damage of vascular endothelium(Vascular trauma):-
this damage expose the endothelial collagen which is rough surface to which platelets can stick firmly and release thromboxane A2 that help more platelet aggregation.

2-Slowing(Reduced)in the blood flow (stasis):-
these changes help thrombosis by allowing the platelets to deviate from the axial stream and cross the peripheral plasmatic zone to stick to the vascular endothelium.

3-Change in blood composition(Increased coagulability ):-
a-Increase number of blood elements.
-Increase platelets so become more sticky and agglutinate in small masses and adhere to vascular endothelium.
-Increase WBCs and RBCs increase viscosity of blood and stasis.
b-Biochemical changes that cause systemic activation of the cloting system.

"VIR chow"

Vascular trauma
Increased coagulability
Reduced blood flow (stasis)

Dr Ibrahim

Return to other triads here.

Friday, January 29, 2010

- Parasites affecting Heart.

Parasites affecting Heart
"Heart Team
Heterophyes heterophyes (Eggs)

Taenia solium (cysticercosis), 
Trichinella spiralis (Trichina capsule),
Trypanosoma cruzi (Leishmanial form),
Toxoplasma gondii (true tissue cyst).

Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid cyst).
Acanthocheilonema perstans (Adult worm in the pericardium).
Mansonella ozzardi
(Adult worm in the pericardium).

or  Arabic students can use the word "Hatem"

Dr Ibrahim

Friday, January 22, 2010

- Grades in medicine.

Grades in medicine 

In many branches of medicine we meet what is called "grades" this grades were put to classify certain conditions. Here I will put the grades what i had found as they meet me in books in simple way......... so you can share us.
Dr Ibrahim

Friday, January 8, 2010

- Grades of Dyspnea.

Grades of Dyspnea
Two scoring systems can be adopted to evaluate the dysnea changing it from subjective complaint to objective complaint.

1-American Thoracic society score (ATS):
Grade 0:- No breathlessness except with strenuous exercise.
Grade 1:- Breathlessness when hurrying on the level or walking up a slight hill.
Grade 2:- Walks slower than people of the same age on the level because of breathlessness or has to stop for breath when walking at own pace on level.
Grade 3:- stop for breath after walking about 100 yards (96 meter) or a few minutes on the level.
Grade 4:- Too breathless to heave the house or breathless when dressing or underdressing.

2-New york heart association score (NYHA)

There are four functional  grades of  Dyspnea as follows:-

1. Grade I (minimal Dyspnea):  Dyspnea on running or on doing more than ordinary effort .

2. Grade II : on doing ordinary effort .

3. Grade III (considerable Dyspnea) : on doing less than  ordinary effort .
4. Grade IV : Dyspnea at rest.

*Ordinary effort is that of the person himself as regard his previous effort tolerance and usual life style.

*Reference:-
- Basics of respiratory medicine,Staff members,Thoracic medicine department,mansourauniversity,3ed,2009,symptoms of chest disease P.g 57.

Return to list of medical grades (click here) 

Tuesday, November 24, 2009

- Grading of Murmurs.


Grading of Murmurs


- Intensity of murmur refers to the amplitude of sound of murmur (i.e loudness of the murmur)
- Murmurs are classified ("graded") depending on their ability to be heard by the examiner.
- It is graded on a scale from I to VI (1-6/6).

-Grades:-
  • Grade I:- very faint,not heard in all positions,no thrill.
  • Grade II:- Soft,heard in all positions,no thrill.
  • Grade III:- loud,no thrill.
  • Grade IV:- Loud,with palpable thrill (i.e a tremor or vibration felt on palpation).
  • Grade V:- Very loud, with thrill,heard with only the edge of the stethoscope touching the chest wall.
  • Grade VI:- loudest, with thrill,heard with the stethoscope just above the precordium, not touching the skin.




Dr Ibrahim

Return to list of medical grades (click here)

Friday, June 12, 2009

- Beck's triad.

Beck's triad of  Parapharyngeal Abscess:-
  1. External cervical swelling: at the submandibular region which is tender.
  2. Trismus due to spasm of the medial pterygoid.
  3. Internal swelling: of the lateral pharyngeal wall,pushing the tonsil medially.
 
Beck's triad of cardiac temponade:-
1-Decrease of systolic blood pressure.
2-Distended jugular vein.
3-Diminished heart sounds(quite heart).

Return to other triads here.